3D model built from volumetric microscopy imaging of a Nile crocodile embryo (day 63 of incubation). Segmented tissues are labeled. Transparency reveals hidden structures.
The spatial patterning of placodes —i.e., the primordia of skin appendages such as hairs, feathers & scales— is self-organised through interactions among morphogens in a Turing reaction-diffusion (RD) system. The resulting polka-dot arrangement of gene expression provides a template for where appendages form. Crocodiles are a spectacular exception to this paradigm: we have shown in 2013 that their head scales are not individual developmental units but form through a mechanical process. Using experiments, 3D microscopy, and computer simulations, we revealed in 2025 that the pattern self-organises through compressive-folding of the skin.
Check our summary movie available in multiple languages.
A short film presents the computer model & a striking multi-material 3D print.
Our publications on crocodiles are compiled here.